Toxicology and Pharmacology

Medical toxicology is the science dealing with the diagnosis, management and prevention of poisons and other adverse health effects due to medications, environmental hazards, Occupational exposure to the harmful substances. Clinical toxicology is the branch which includes the science of the removal of poisonous toxins from the body. Clinical toxicologists mainly work in the hospitals and are in close contact with the pharmacology department. Hence clinical toxicologists and pharmacologists are closely related.

Food and nutritional toxicology emphasizes on the food components and the food toxins including the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of xenobiotic, allergenic and toxic constituent role of diet and nutrients in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. It also deals with the toxins present in the food and food substances. The toxins released from the packaging material and associated components with the food.

Environmental toxicology is the study of toxic effects of chemicals on the human beings and all other living organisms on the earth. The toxicologists have a very important role in predicting the cause of the toxicity and hence take the necessary actions to prevent the toxicity to the environment. Toxicologists address constantly the changing environmental conditions and are concerned with the safety of the environment.

Pharmacology is the branch of science which is concerned with the study of drug action. It is the study of the properties and reactions of drugs especially with relation to the therapeutic value. Pharmacology is the main branch of the medicine and pharmacy. Pharmacologists play a very important role in the pre-clinical testing of the new drugs. The other related subjects include the therapeutics, pharmacovigilance, and pharmacogenomics.

The primary scope of toxicological studies in the drug development process is to evaluate the safety of potential drugs. This is accomplished using relevant animal models and validated procedures. The ultimate goal is to translate the animal model responses into an understanding of the risk for the human subjects. The drug toxicology plays a very important role in assessing the safety of the drug.

We live in the most modernized and industrialized world where we get exposed to the number of the chemicals and toxic substances which cause severe damage to the body and the environment. In this part the industrial workers are widely exposed to the chemicals which cause severe damage to the body. The industrial toxicology deals with the safety of workers and the various steps to be taken to prevent the bioaccumulation of the heavy metals.

Immunotoxicology is the science which emphasizes the various immune reactions which occur as a result of the new drugs and biological products. It also includes the In-vivo evaluation of the immune response and the In-vitro evaluation of the immune response. Recent trends in this area are the immunophenotyping and the immunoefficacy.

Systems toxicology is the integration of classical toxicology with quantitative analysis of large networks of molecular and functional changes occurring across multiple levels of biological organization. The systems toxicology includes the enabling technology, molecular measurement, apical measurement and computational measurements. The final end of the research results in the safe drugs, environment protection, safe foods, and green chemistry.

Humans are constantly exposed to the wide range of chemicals and toxins which lead to the chemical carcinogenesis. Toxic chemicals and pathogens can damage the DNA of the human cell and result in the cancer. Chemical carcinogenesis is the complex and step by step process which results in the formation of oncogenes.

Toxicity testing is mainly performed to the finished products such as the drugs, cosmetics, food additives. Toxicity testing is done to assess the safety of the product and prevent the toxicity of the product. Scientists and researchers perform the various toxicological testing procedures in order to access the safety of the product.

Genetic toxicology is the study of genetic damage that results in alterations to heritable information. It is a complex science because there are a number of different types of genome damage, which arise through a diversity of mechanisms like the clastogenesis, mutagenesis, recombination, aneugenesis.  The relevance of genetic toxicology is clearly evident from the inheritable diseases.

Risk assessment is the process of identification and analyzing the risk associated with the toxic chemicals and toxicological studies. Different analytical techniques are used in the risk assessment of the toxins. Toxic genomic information has a potential role in the all aspects of the risk assessment process. Environmental toxicologists play a very important role in the risk assessment.

The recent emerging concepts of toxicology are the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, computational methods in toxicology and the biomarkers development for toxicity testing. Toxicology has seen a recent influx from other fields and added to its colors.

Molecular toxicology is a field concerned with the effects of various chemical components on living organism. Careers in molecular toxicology can include the applied fields of biotechnology and pharmaceuticals and academic research. Biochemical toxicology is the field which deals with the research on the enzymes and enzyme substrates that are drugs in the area of drug metabolism.

Developmental and reproductive toxicity is a special part of toxicology which comprises any effect of chemicals and active substances on mammalian reproduction and development. The investigations and the interpretation of the results should be related to all the other pharmacological and toxicological data available from the research and development.

Neuropharmacology is the study of how drugs affect cellular function in the nervous system, and the neural mechanisms through which they influence behavior. There are two main branches of neuropharmacology: behavioral and molecular. Neuropharmacology is the study of how drugs affect cellular function in the nervous system, and the neural mechanisms through which they influence behavior. There are two main branches of neuropharmacology: behavioral and molecular. It is dealt with the interactions of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, neurohormones, neuromodulators, enzymes, second messengers, co-transporters, ion channels, and receptor proteins in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

The global revenue for single use technology reached $1.4 billion and $1.7 billion in 2013 and 2014, respectively. This market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.7% to nearly $3.0 billion for the period 2014-2019.

As there is progress in the field of science there is tremendous application of the pharmacology in the various fields. The applied pharmacology includes all the novel techniques and discoveries in the field of the pharmacology and toxicology. Pharmacology is the multidisciplinary branch which has its application in the various other branches.

Clinical Pharmacology has been practiced for centuries through observing the effects of herbal remedies and early drugs on humans. The pharmacologic effect that a medication has on the body is known as pharmacodynamics. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics parameters become important because of the association between host drug concentrations, microorganism eradication, and resistance. Since long scientific advances allowed scientists to come together with the study of physiological effects with biological effects Receptor theory for drug effects and its discovery with clinical pharmacology has stretched out to be a multidisciplinary field and has contributed to the findings of drug interaction, therapeutic effectiveness and safety. Drug interactions and pharmacological compatibilities include the study of pharmacokinetics that includes the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs. The pharmacologic effect that a medication has on the body is known as pharmacodynamics. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics parameters become especially important because of the association between drug application, microorganism abolition, and resistance.

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics parameters become important because of the association between host drug concentrations, microorganism eradication, and resistance.Since long scientific advances allowed scientists to come together with the study of physiological effects with biological effects.

The Pharmaceutical industry's long successful strategy of placing big bets on a few molecules, promoting them heavily and turning them into blockbusters worked well for many years, but its R&D productivity has now plummeted and the environment’s changing.

Pharmacology of vascular endothelium deals with alterations of endothelial cells and the vasculature play a central role in the pathogenesis of a broad spectrum of the most dreadful of human diseases, as endothelial cells have the key function of participating in the maintenance of patent and functional capillaries.

Pharmacology for nurses is one of the most important elements in nursing education. It is the field is science that is related to management of drugs as per the disease profile of the patient. This i sa special track designed in Pharmacology 2016 Conference.

The pharmaceutical industry is directly impacted by the research conducted with prescription drugs, vaccines, and OTC drugs being manufactured based on findings from the study of life sciences. Clinical trials are conducted to ensure that products being developed are tested on how well they work on individuals affected by the diseases or conditions they are created to treat.

Biochemical pharmacology is based on principles of drug action. Biochemical pharmacology uses the methods of biochemistry, biophysics, molecular biology, structural biology, cell biology, and cell physiology to define the mechanisms of drug action and how drugs influence the organism by studies on intact animals, organs, cells, subcellular compartments and individual protein molecules.

Liposomes and nanoparticles: Nano scale drug delivery systems using liposomes and nanoparticles are rising technologies for the rational delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs in the treatment various ailments. Nanoparticles present possible dangers, both medically and environmentally.

The pharmaceutical industry is directly impacted by the research conducted with prescription drugs, vaccines, and OTC drugs being manufactured based on findings from the study of life sciences. Clinical trials are conducted to ensure that products being developed are tested on how well they work on individuals affected by the diseases or conditions they are created to treat.

Ocular Pharmacology deals with basic and clinical research about biopharmaceuticals that have the potential to prevent, treat, and/or diagnose ocular diseases and disorders and its associated treatments. Ophthalmic diseases include those both analogous to systemic diseases (e.g., inflammation, infection, neuronal degeneration) and not analogous (e.g., cataract, myopia). Many anterior segment diseases are treated pharmacologically through eye drops, which have an implied therapeutic index of local therapy. Unlike administering pills for systemic diseases, eye drops require patients not only to adhere to treatment, but to be able to accurately perform - i.e., instill drops correctly

The global market for selected healthcare-acquired infection (HAI) treatments was valued at nearly $15.2 billion in 2014. This market is expected to increase from nearly $17.1 billion in 2015 to $23 billion by 2020, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.1% from 2015 to 2020.

Recent advances in DNA repair are DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) are lesions caused by a variety of endogenous metabolites, ecological exposures, and cancer chemotherapeutic agents that have two reactive groups. An overview of biopharmaceutical single-use technologies, which aid the manufacturing process in overcoming such complex issues as sterilization and critical manufacturing parameters. Analysis of global market trends, with data from 2013 and 2014, and projections of CAGRs through 2019.

Development of medication is a vital concern to medicine. The metabolic stability and the reactivity of a library of candidate drug compounds have to be assessed for drug metabolism and toxicological studies. Many methods of pharmacological tests have been proposed for quantitative predictions in drug metabolism.

The pharmaceutical market been increasingly more affected through laws and regulations but has shown continuous growth as the diagnosis and understanding of diseases and condition has evolved and improved. BCC Research report’s cover the latest pharmaceutical market and provide in-depth market analysis, forecasts, trends, patent analysis, and profiles of major players within the markets. Comprehensive analysis of clinical studies for biopharmaceuticals, prevention and treatment of certain cancers, coagulants and non-coagulants are all within the range of pharmaceutical markets covered in BCC Research reports. Drug devices, instrumentation and inhibitors are some of the many other areas covered.